A Level Computer Science 9618 Paper 11, Oct/Nov 2023

drawing list -> data required to create all components in the graphic; drawing object -> a component created using a formula; property -> defines one characteristic of a component (all 3 lines correct for 2 marks, 1 line correct for 1 mark)

The number of bits used to represent each colour

Increase in bit depth means the image has a greater range of colours // Decrease in bit depth means the image has a smaller range of colours

Increase in bit depth makes the image closer to the original / more realistic // Decrease in bit depth makes the image less like the original / less realistic

Reduced bandwidth usage when transmitting the message

Reduced transmission time from email client to email server

Receives packets from internet / external network

Implements a firewall

Analyses the destination IP address of each packet

Switch: To allow two or more devices to communicate with one another // To connect individual devices to each other // To receive transmissions and forward them to their destination (max 1)

Wireless Access Point (WAP): To allow connection of devices (to the central device) using radio signals / Wi-Fi // To allow the central device to send / receive radio signals / Wi-Fi signals // To allow wireless enabled devices to connect to a wired network (max 1)

Bridge: To connect two LANs / segments with the same protocol // To transmit data between two networks with the same protocol (max 1)

The students cannot access their files without a reliable internet connection

The amount of space for no payment may be limited so students will have to purchase more space if needed

1 mark for advantage (e.g. Star topology is more resilient to faults // Higher performance as fewer collisions // Easier to add new nodes // Easier to fault find compared to bus topology)

1 mark for valid corresponding expansion (e.g. …because there is no single cable and leads to less disruption to teaching // ...because each device in the classroom is only connected to the switch // …because each device in the classroom connects directly to the switch)

1:M between CUSTOMER and SHOP_ORDER

1:M between SUPPLIER and ITEM

1:M between SHOP_ORDER and ORDER_ITEM and M:1 between ORDER_ITEM and ITEM

Reduced data redundancy

Improved data integrity / consistency / referential integrity

Allows for views / improved privacy

CREATE DATABASE SHOP;

SELECT SUM(Quantity)

FROM ORDER_ITEM, SHOP_ORDER // FROM ORDER_ITEM (INNER) JOIN SHOP_ORDER

WHERE ORDER_ITEM.OrderNo = SHOP_ORDER.OrderNo // ON ORDER_ITEM.OrderNo = SHOP_ORDER.OrderNo

AND SHOP_ORDER.CustomerID = 'HJ231'; // WHERE SHOP_ORDER.CustomerID = 'HJ231';

First set of 4 rows (values: 1, 0, 0, 0)

Second set of 4 rows (values: 1, 0, 1, 1)

both AND gates

NOT gate and OR gate and NOR gate

Identification of Register 1

Role of Register 1

Identification of Register 2

Role of Register 2

Immediate Access Store holds all the data / instructions / programs currently in use

Immediate Access Store is volatile memory

The CPU can now perform nearly twice as many F-E cycles per second // Instead of 2.1 billion F-E cycles per second, the CPU can now perform 4 billion FE cycles per second

Multiple cores introduce additional overheads

…because of the need for communication between cores

Software may not be designed for multiple cores…

…so one of the cores will be left idle

Memory access speed may not match speed of cores… // …so causing delay // The two computers may have more differences than just the cores // …one may have more RAM which allows faster multitasking // ...one may have a GPU // ...etc.

easier to debug the program

… because it translates line-by-line and stops when an error is found whereas the compiler translates all the program at the same time

… only reporting one error at a time // … which allows the error to be corrected in real time whereas the program would need to be corrected and recompiled

... and the program can restart at same point when error occurred with a compiler the program needs to be re-run // The effect of any changes made by the programmer can be seen immediately with a compiler the effects can only be seen after re-running // A partially completed program can be translated / tested on its own a compiler cannot translate a partial program

Partially compiled programs can be used on different platforms as they are interpreted when run // Code is optimised for the CPU as machine code is generated at run time // Source code does not need recompiling so more efficient to run

Prettyprint

Expand/collapse code blocks

Single stepping

Breakpoints

Additive manufacturing // Uses a digital 3D model or a Computer Aided Design (CAD) (file) // Builds up the model one layer at a time

...starting from the bottom // ...using x, y and z co-ordinates // The material is fused / cured together layer by layer

Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM): Material is heated and pushed through nozzle / extruder // Stereolithography (SLA): Photosensitive liquid resin is exposed to a UV-laser beam // Digital Light Processing (DLP): Uses liquid plastic resin melted with arc lamps // Selective Laser Sintering (SLS): Uses a laser to form objects from powdered material

To prevent overheating // ensure material is hot enough

...by identifying the temperature of the object (being printed) // ...by identifying the temperature of the material being used

Dynamic RAM has lower cost per unit

A fast access speed is not needed // Higher bit density // more data can be stored per chip

To create a symbol table

Data movement: e.g. LDR #50 // STO 201

Arithmetic operation: e.g. ADD 100 // INC IX

Conditional instruction: e.g. JPE 96

Similarity: both load the contents of an address into the Accumulator

Difference: direct accesses the address given by the operand whereas indexed adds the contents of IX to the operand and accesses the data at that calculated address

Indirect (addressing) // Relative (addressing)

0000 0101

0000 0010

1101 0010

Feedback ensures that a system operates within set criteria / constraints

...by enabling system output to affect (subsequent) system input // ...thus allowing conditions to be automatically adjusted

Dedicated to one task applied to example // Does not require much processing power applied to example

Built into a larger system applied to example // Contains firmware that cannot be easily updated applied to example

The system does not have its own operating system // An embedded system must contain a processor, memory and an I/O capability // Dedicated hardware